Within life we always have to deal with some element of risk. Be it driving a car, walking downtown, riding a bike or fly an airplane. We learn to cope with these risks. This is necessary so that we can have years of safe flying. The items we discussed earlier in our aviation decision making article (remember: pilot, aircraft, environment, operation and situation) are five risk elements in aviation. We take another look at them but from the angle of risk this time.

Risk and Stress Assessment

Pilot Stressors
As an aviator your performance will be affected by several factors when acting as a pilot. Typical factors are:

• Physical stress - External factors acting on you. Temperature, cabin/engine noise (headset quality) vibration and altitude (lack of oxygen, makes you think you are doing great but in fact you are doing not so good)
• Physiological stress - The condition of your body. Loss of sleep, meals and overall fitness all contribute to this type of stress
• Psychological stress - The condition of the mind. These include: sickness of a relative, death in the family, factors at work.

The above factors all add up to the workload of the pilot during flight and increase the overall risk.

Aircraft Risk
Assessing this risk can be best done during the preflight phase on the ground. The walk around is the place to assess the airworthiness of the aircraft. If it is airworthy then we have reduced this risk. Another factor is fuel onboard, this can become a risk factor when the weather changes adversely. Higher winds aloft than expected/predicted will make fuel a factor to be analyzed by the pilot.

Environmental Risk
This element is far reaching concerning and modifies or affects the aircraft, pilot and operational elements. Weather has its effect (direct or indirect) on the aircraft (density altitude, runway length, climb performance, visibility). It is therefore very important to assess this risk thoroughly. Adverse weather has kill many a pilot. An axiom comes to mind: It's better to be on the ground wishing you were up there than in the air wishing you were on the ground.

Flight Operation
The evaluation of the interaction of you, the aircraft and the environment. Basically this is the desirability to the undertaking or continuing this flight as you have planned it considering all factors and available information regarding this flight.

Situation
For effective risk management you need to be aware of all of the risk raisers and if and when these risk raisers can add up to a point where can no longer be tolerated and neutralizing is no longer possible. Think of trying to navigate VFR trough a front line of CB's and with every cloud you circumnavigate you loose the possibility to turn back...

Airmanship
Good decision making requires a continuous assessment of the five elements wether to start or continue the flight as you planned it. Using this technique makes it easy to make a "go/no go" decision, just make sure you have 5 go's or reevaluate the situation to continue.